酵母のベータグルカンはどのように作られるのでしょうか?

β-glucan, homopolymers of glucose, are found abundantly in various microorganisms, mushrooms, and plants. These β-glucan are of the high value of attention because of their bioactivity and medicinal benefits. Multiple studies show that β-glucan have the potential to enhance the immune system. However, the β-glucan from different sources have different modulating effects. It depends upon the primary chemical structure of β-glucan. One crucial source of β-glucan is yeast, especially baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The yeast-derived β-glucan, (1,3)-β-linked with small chains of (1,6)-β-linked side chains, are known for their immune-modulating effect (Chan et al., 2009).

The extraction of yeast β-glucan is an essential step for its use as a supplement to boost the immune system. The extraction method plays a vital role in determining the structure, quality, and function of β-glucan. Several isolation processes of isolation of β-glucan exist, including base, acid or combination of acid-base method, enzymatic and oxidative extraction, etc. (Borchani et al., 2014). Some of the important methods use for β-glucan extraction from yeast are briefly discussed here.

Yeast β-glucan extraction process

酵母β-グルカン 主にアルカリ無溶性グルカンであり、活性多糖です。その準備の鍵は、タンパク質、マンナン、脂質などの不純物を除去することです。中国および海外で酵母グルカンを調製する方法には、主に酸塩基法、酵素法、および酸化抽出が含まれます。

酸塩基法

自己分解では、細胞内構造は細胞質に血管プロテアーゼを分解および放出します。ベース（NAOH）は不純物を除去するのに役立ちますが、酢酸はを制限する軽度の酸です （1,3）-β-グルカンの加水分解。

乾燥活性酵母細胞は伝播し、5倍の1 m NaOHと混合されました。次に、サンプルを水浴で加熱して、酵母細胞を溶解してグルカンを放出しました。 Naohは酵母細胞を溶かし、β-グルカンの放出を助けました。ペレットの最終製品は、純粋なβ-グルカンを取得するために風乾し、将来の使用のために保存されます。

この方法の利点と短所

強力なベース（NAOH）と弱酸（CH3COOH）の使用は、高品質で高量のベータグルカンを与えます。この方法によるグルカン抽出は、簡単、速く、経済的であり、有望な結果があります。酸塩基法には特定の利点があります。それは、β-グルカンのサイズ、均一、非凝集、および高収量を生成します。さらに、それはトリプルヘリカルを与えます structure of β-1,3/1,6-linked glucans with high thermal stability. The acid-base method is efficient regarding the outcome. Although this method provides high-purity glucan products, it needs to consume many acids and alkali, causing severe environmental pollution, causing specific damage to glucan molecules (Mahmoud Amer et al., 2021).

Enzymatic method

The working principle of the enzymatic method is based on yeast cell lysis is by using cell autolysis and hot water. Subsequently, lyticase enzyme is used for the removal of cell wall proteins. Protease enzyme is also used to remove cell wall proteins and organic solvents for lipid removal (Varelas et al., 2016).

Yeast cells are harvested and disrupted in a high-pressure homogenizer. Subsequently, treating with hot water a gentle sonication is greatly helpful in breaking yeast cells, following that β-glucan extracted from yeast cells by combination of hot water and enzymatic treatment. Enzyme treatment of the yeast cell wall can remove a large amount of protein, thereby reducing the subsequent alkali concentration and usage (Jaehrig et al., 2008). Addition of lyticase enzyme help in the removal of cell wall protein. Protease enzyme is also helpful in the removal of cell wall protein and organic solvents. The enzymatic method of beta-glucan extraction gave a better yield and higher content than did traditional isolation methods.

この方法の利点と短所

This method is more sophisticated, and the resulting yeast β-glucan product has a complete molecular structure. Therefore, the enzyme method is more suitable for large-scale yeast β-glucan extraction and purification (Borchani et al., 2014). The disadvantage of this method is the instability and high cost of the enzyme.

Miscellaneous methods

In addition to the traditional acid-base method and enzymatic method, some researchers also use other methods to prepare yeast glucan with higher purity. 0.5%~2% sodium hypochlorite solution to directly treat the yeast cell wall for more than 5 hours at room temperature, and the yield of the high-purity yeast glucan product obtained was more than 20%. Although this method can obtain 酵母β-グルカン より高い純度で、グルカンの分子構造に対する強い酸化剤の影響は、まだ深く研究されていなければなりません（Ohno et al。、1999）。

Hiyeastは酸塩基法を使用しており、その製品は研究によって証明されています。

ハイイースト 酵母からのベータグルカンの抽出と調製のために酸塩基法を使用します。彼らは、動物に対する品質と効果の決定のためにさまざまな研究試験を行いました。 Hiyeastは、動物に関するさまざまな研究で製品をチェックします。彼らはマウスで臨床試験を行い、次の項目でそれらをテストしました。

マウスのNK細胞活性テスト

The result shows that their yeast beta-glucan product can strengthen the NK cells of the tested animal to increase immunity significantly. This study confirms that the use of beta-glucan substantially enhances immunity. Hence, many people will pay attention to use β-glucan in their foods to improve their immune system in the future.

They made a one-month yeast β-glucan trial on mice. The mice were fed for 30 consecutive days, and the results showed that the sample was non-toxic, non-mutagenic, or mutagenic. A high dose of yeast β-glucan significantly enhances the antibody level of mice, and thus it promotes humoral immunity, and no toxic or mutagenic effect was observed.

These studies show that their β-glucan products are according to international standards and prepared using highly efficient methods. Their methods are well-known and reliable, which provide high-quality non-toxic, non-mutagenic products that will significantly enhance the immune system. The company is committed to delivering high-standard β-glucan products to help people in boosting their immune systems。