Как дрожжевой бета-глюкан помогает иммунной системе?

The immune health is crucial for staying healthy. A sound immune system is of great importance to cope with different diseases or illnesses. We all need to enhance our immune system. Regular exercise or taking some natural or artificial product directly or indirectly boosts the immune system.
Natural substances that improve the immune system are the subject of investigation for the last decades. A wide range of synthetic and natural products are available in the market described as having immunomodulatory effects. However, only a few products are probably the best studied, and interesting ones are β-glucans (Goodridge et al., 2009; Stier et al., 2014).

History of β-glucans as immune system modulator

Before identifying β-glucans as an immune modulator, shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) in Japan and Ganoderma luciderm in China were used in traditional medicine, boosting the body immune system. The immune-modulating effect of β-glucan discovered in the last century.
Since more than 6000 publications have published investigating the immune-modulation effect of the β-glucans, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory abilities, the β-glucans show immune-modulating effects on various organisms.
The results on humans and other animals like fish, rodents, invertebrates, and other farm animals are encouraging. Furthermore, other beneficial effects of β-glucans include healing wounds, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and cholesterol reduction (Novak & Ветвицкая, 2008).

Важность β-глюканов в иммунной модуляции

Различные исследования показывают, что β-глюкан иметь потенциал для улучшения иммунной системы. Большинство вариантов существует на рынке при выборе нескольких продуктов для повышения иммунной системы, и β-глюкан является одним из этих продуктов. Β-глюкан представляет собой водорастворимое пищевое волокно в клеточной стенке дрожжей, грибов, бактерий, водорослей, лишайников и растений (ячмень, овес, морские водоросли).
However, the β-glucans from different sources have different modulating effects but not all. It depends upon the primary chemical structure of β-glucan. For example, cellulose a (1,4)- β-linked glucan does not have any immune-modulatory effect. While yeast and fungus-derived β-glucan, (1,3)-β-linked with small chains of (1,6)-β-linked side chains are known for their immune-modulating effect.
Besides the primary chemical structure, the immune-modulating effect of β-glucan also depends on its solubility, molecular mass, tertiary structure, polymer charge, branching pattern, solution conformation, and its manufacturing, from isolation to purification affect its immune modulation efficiency (Vannucci et al., 2013).

Various sources of β-glucans

Various β-glucans function in multiple ways based on their sources; for example, cereal-based beta-glucan reduces LDL-cholesterol, healing wounds, skin injury. Still, there is not enough scientific evidence that such kind of β-glucans enhances the immune system.
Mushroom-derived β-glucans are associated with lowering cholesterol levels, improving heart health, wound healing, and in some cases, strengthening the immune system to some extent.

Yeast β-glucan is found abundantly in the cell wall of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The β-glucan is a water-soluble polysaccharide consist of glucose subunits.

The yeast-derived β-glucan, specifically the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is well-known for boosting immunity compared to brewer’s yeast. It means not all yeast strain-derived β-glucan are equally efficient. It also helps in the healing of wounds. For immune system modulation, the source from which β-glucan source is essential (Seo et al., 2019).

Mode of action β-glucans in immune system modulation

Interaction between Immune cells and β-glucans

The human gastrointestinal tract is a vital immune organ enriched with dendritic cells and macrophages immune cells. Thus, anything passing through the gastrointestinal tract immune cells recognizes it. These immune cells contain specialized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizing and responding to any structure related to harmful microbes.

Adaptive immunity

With the β-glucan ingestion, cell surface immune receptors, PRRs consider it a foreign substance and directly bind. Then, the binding between these two alert the immune cells and induce a series of biochemical reactions, which renders the immune system behave effectively. So, the innate immune system is a complex signaling network of germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The immune cells or other cells usually express to induce various cell signaling pathways. Thus it activates a wide range of signaling pathways. Mainly, it has physiological effects and modulates the immune system. These signaling pathways are related to a group of compounds responsible for physiological effects. Finally, β-glucans help the immune system to react effectively against harmful microorganisms during infection. Thus, β-glucans ensure safety and overall health benefits. Consequently, β-D-glucan triggers innate immune responses and develop adaptive immunity (Murphy et al., 2010; Novak & Ветвицкая, 2008).

Дрожжи β-глюкан универсальны в разработке адаптивной иммунной системы.

Первоначально дрожжевой β-глюкан triggered the interleukin-1β-(1L-1β) mediated cell signaling responses primarily through macrophages via dectin-1 signaling. Yeast β-glucan stimulates the effect on macrophages and shows strong immune modulation effects. Additionally, the yeast β-glucan interacts with microfold (M)-cells in the small intestine. Then, the M-cells take β-glucan and transport it to the immune cells present in Peyer’s patches from the intestine lumen. Finally, macrophages take up the yeast β-glucan, and it gets degraded. Eventually, it became available to the circulatory system and distributed systemically. Thus, yeast β-glucan are potential activators of the innate immune system that enhance the functional activity of immune cells. Finally, it activates the network of cell signaling pathways, which systemically develop adaptive immune responses against diseases (Murphy et al., 2010; Novak & Ветвицкая, 2008).

Why choose yeast β-glucans for immune-modulatory effects?

While selecting the best and high-quality β-glucan, which is safe and effective in modulating the immune system, we need to consider some important points. Дрожжевой β-глюкан biological activity, mechanism of action, the chemical structure is well studied, and immune system functioning and supported by research.
Yeast-derived β-glucans prime the immune system to perform efficiently instead of boosting it. It enables the immune system to recognize the foreign pathogen. It recognizes the microbial pathogens and phagocytizes the infective cells and limit the further spread of disease. Yeast-derived β-glucan is equally effective for all ages of people, from children to old age. It is also effective in stress release in athletes and women passing through stress and improves overall physical health (Seo et al., 2019; Stier et al., 2014; Talbott & Тэлботт, 2012).

Ссылка

Goodridge, H. S., Wolf, A. J., & Underhill, D. M. (2009). Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system. Immunological Reviews, 230(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00793.x
Мерфи, Э.А., Дэвис, Дж.М., & Кармайкл, доктор медицины (2010). Иммуномодулирующее действие β-глюкана. Текущее мнение о клиническом питании и метаболической помощи, 13 (6), 656–661. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833f1afb
Новак М., & Ветвицка, В. (2008). β-глюканы, история и современность: иммуномодулирующие аспекты и механизмы действия. Журнал иммунотоксикологии, 5 (1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15476910802019045
Со Г., Хён К., Чхве С., Ким Ю.М., & Чо, М. (2019). Ранозаживляющее действие четырех типов бета-глюкана. Прикладная биологическая химия, 62(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-019-0428-2.
Stier, H., Ebbskotte, V., & Gruenwald, J. (2014). Иммуномодулирующие эффекты пищевых дрожжей бета-1,3/1,6-D-глюкан. Журнал питания, 13, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-38
Тэлботт, С.М., & Талботт, Дж. А. (2012). Добавка с бета-глюканами из пекарских дрожжей уменьшает симптомы верхних дыхательных путей и улучшает настроение у женщин, находящихся в состоянии стресса. Журнал Американского колледжа питания, 31 (4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2012.10720441
Ваннуччи Л., Кризан Дж., Сима П., Стахеев Д., Каха Ф., Райсиглова Л., Хорак В., & Saieh, M. (2013). Иммуностимулирующие свойства и противоопухолевая активность глюканов. Международный журнал онкологии, 43 (2), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1974